{"id":503,"date":"2022-04-25T15:48:22","date_gmt":"2022-04-25T15:48:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.edured2000.net\/pehmalaga\/?page_id=503"},"modified":"2024-09-05T16:20:17","modified_gmt":"2024-09-05T16:20:17","slug":"escuela-de-macharaviaya1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.edured2000.net\/pehmalaga\/2022\/04\/25\/escuela-de-macharaviaya1\/","title":{"rendered":"Escuela de Macharaviaya"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Puesta en funcionamiento <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1783<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tipo de centro<\/h2>\n\n\n
Macharaviaya<\/a>, <\/span>Centro en funcionamiento<\/a>, <\/span>Laico<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n

Sitio web<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.cprsalvadorrueda.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Descripci\u00f3n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Portada de la Real C\u00e9dula y Reglamento<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Aunque parezca sorprendente, la de Macharaviaya<\/strong> fue la primera escuela p\u00fablica, mixta y gratuita de Espa\u00f1a, y se fund\u00f3 varios a\u00f1os antes que las primeras escuelas p\u00fablicas de Madrid<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

El car\u00e1cter avanzado e ilustrado de la familia G\u00e1lvez<\/strong> de Macharaviaya<\/strong>, a la que pertenec\u00edan Jos\u00e9<\/strong> y Miguel de G\u00e1lvez<\/strong>, que desempe\u00f1aron importantes cargos pol\u00edticos al servicio de Carlos III<\/strong>, llev\u00f3 al municipio a contar con la que puede considerarse la primera escuela p\u00fablica espa\u00f1ola. Un proyecto educativo que arrancaba en 1782<\/strong>, un momento en el que la Ilustraci\u00f3n<\/strong> comparti\u00f3 protagonismo con la apertura de la F\u00e1brica de Naipes<\/strong> en la misma localidad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Con anterioridad ya funcionaba una escuela antes de 1776, costeada por Jos\u00e9 de G\u00e1lvez<\/strong>, marqu\u00e9s de Sonora, y que ten\u00eda por maestros a don Jos\u00e9 Aponte<\/strong> y a do\u00f1a Ana de Rueda<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jos\u00e9 de G\u00e1lvez tambi\u00e9n instituy\u00f3 un banco agr\u00edcola para ayudar a los labradores en apuros con pr\u00e9stamos a bajo inter\u00e9s, fund\u00f3 una f\u00e1brica de naipes para enviarlos, en exclusiva, a toda Am\u00e9rica, y construy\u00f3 fuentes y lavaderos. Tambi\u00e9n redific\u00f3 la iglesia, donde los G\u00e1lvez hicieron una cripta e instalaron en ella el pante\u00f3n familiar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En enero del a\u00f1o 1783 el rey Carlos III promulg\u00f3 la Real C\u00e9dula y Reglamento para las Escuelas, Premios y Socorros establecidos en la Villa de Macharaviaya<\/strong>. El Reglamento estaba formado por 35 art\u00edculos y constituye el prototipo de los colegios fundados en el siglo XVIII.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dicho Reglamento establece que siempre habr\u00e1 en Macharaviaya una escuela de ni\u00f1os y otra de ni\u00f1as, y que las asignaturas ser\u00e1n Doctrina Cristiana, Lectura, Escritura, Cuentas, Costura, y \u00abbordado y dem\u00e1s haciendas mujeriles\u00bb. A todos los disc\u00edpulos de ambas escuelas se les proporcionar\u00eda cartillas, catecismos, catones y manuscritos para leer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La novedad era que, adem\u00e1s, los ni\u00f1os y ni\u00f1as aun estando en clases separadas, acud\u00edan al mismo edificio para estudiar, algo que no ocurr\u00eda en el resto de centros educativos espa\u00f1oles. Sin embargo, los contenidos que se impart\u00edan en la escuela de ni\u00f1os eran diferentes a los de la de ni\u00f1as.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Escuela de Macharaviaya en 1926<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Las clases recibidas por las ni\u00f1as eran las llamadas propias de su sexo, es decir, el aprendizaje del bordado, costura, tejer media e hilar y alguna instrucci\u00f3n. Mientras que los chicos se instru\u00edan en las ense\u00f1anzas de las cuatro reglas o educaci\u00f3n elemental: leer, escribir, c\u00e1lculo y doctrina cristiana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El centro ten\u00eda un sistema educativo muy avanzado para la \u00e9poca, ya que se prohib\u00edan expresamente los castigos f\u00edsicos a los ni\u00f1os y hab\u00eda premios que se otorgaban a los alumnos con mejores notas para incentivar el buen progreso de los chavales, que otorgaba una junta formada por las autoridades locales. Don Miguel de G\u00e1lvez<\/strong> ide\u00f3 que los vecinos de Macharaviaya y Benaque con buena situaci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica donaran una cuota anual, incluidos los ausentes, y que tambi\u00e9n se sumaran otros personajes que ten\u00edan amistad con los G\u00e1lvez. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

En una fecha tan tard\u00eda como 1881 la provisi\u00f3n de la plaza segu\u00eda correspondiendo a la Junta de patronos, y en 1886 una Orden de la Direcci\u00f3n General de Instrucci\u00f3n P\u00fablica todav\u00eda obliga al ayuntamiento de Macharaviaya a abonar los haberes de los maestros de Benaque D. Antonio S\u00e1nchez y Do\u00f1a Clotilde Valderrama, dado que estas son las \u00fanicas escuelas que mantiene, al estar las de Macharaviaya todav\u00eda sostenidas por el Patronato del Banco Agr\u00edcola.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adem\u00e1s, un dato interesante es que el edificio fundacional que acogi\u00f3 esta primera escuela p\u00fablica es el mismo que se encuentra actualmente en el municipio, claro est\u00e1, con las correspondientes reformas. Actualmente recibe el nombre de Colegio P\u00fablico Rural Salvador Rueda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cuando los avatares de la historia empujaron a tratar de poner punto y final a la citada novedosa experiencia educativa, una de las maestras se puso en contacto con Miguel de G\u00e1lvez<\/strong> para recuperar su trabajo y que se volviese a abrir el centro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esta historia es abordada en dos libros, Uno, la novela La Jugada Maestra<\/em> de Sof\u00eda Taz\u00f3n<\/strong> y otro, en el libro La fundaci\u00f3n de escuelas y banco agr\u00edcola de Marcharaviaya<\/em> de Jos\u00e9 Luis Cabrera Ortiz<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bibliograf\u00eda<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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Vales-Villamar\u00edn Navarro, H., & Reder Gadow, M. (2015). Pol\u00edtica Educativa Ilustrada:: Una visi\u00f3n comparada de la fundaci\u00f3n de Escuelas de Primeras Letras (siglo XVIII). American\u00eda: revista de estudios latinoamericanos de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla<\/i>, 1<\/i>, 59\u201394. https:\/\/dialnet.unirioja.es\/servlet\/articulo?codigo=4951787<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t
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Cabrera, J. L. (2021, March 7). Historia de Macharaviaya: Colegio Salvador Rueda, historia de una denominaci\u00f3n. Historia de Macharaviaya<\/i>. http:\/\/historiademacharaviaya.blogspot.com\/2021\/03\/colegio-salvador-rueda-historia-de-una.html<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t
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Trivi\u00f1o Barros, R. (2021, November 8). M\u00e1laga y sus historias: La primera escuela p\u00fablica y mixta de Espa\u00f1a: Macharaviaya. M\u00e1laga y Sus Historias<\/i>. https:\/\/malagayhistorias.blogspot.com\/2021\/11\/la-primera-escuela-publica-y-mixta-de.html<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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